What a sprawling investigation has found about the Capitol riot arrests

Four months and hundreds of arrests after the chaos at the Capitol, the investigation into the Jan. 6 attack by a pro-Trump mob has come into focus.

More than 2,000 criminal charges have been filed against 411 suspects, including hundreds of felonies such as assaulting officers and trespassing with a weapon.

Authorities have tied more than 50 suspects to political or far-right groups like the Proud Boys and the Oath Keepers.

Nearly 70 of those charged in the riot are current or former members of the military, law enforcement or government - most of whom swore an oath to uphold the law and serve the public.

About 50 defendants are still detained, many charged with violent offenses, weapons violations or larger conspiracies that point to possible planned unlawful actions.

The Washington Post has analyzed court filings, case documents and other public information about those charged. Here is what it has found.

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The criminal probe has swept up at least 411 suspects in what federal officials have called an unprecedented domestic attack on a branch of the U.S. government.

"I have not seen a more dangerous threat to democracy than the invasion of the Capitol," Attorney General Merrick Garland told senators in a hearing Wednesday. He called the assault "an attempt to interfere with the fundamental element of our democracy, a peaceful transfer of power."

Since January, prosecutors have secured their first guilty plea and cooperation deal, charged about 75 people with assaulting police and filed conspiracy charges against members of two far-right extremist groups. Those charged publicly so far with federal crimes hail from 259 counties spread across 44 states and the District of Columbia, according to an analysis by The Washington Post of court filings.

Prosecutors are building cases alleging prior planning and coordination, but the majority of people facing criminal charges were not known to be members of self-styled militias or other organized extremist groups, the filings show.

"The bulk of people being charged is what law enforcement sometimes calls free agents, and that tells you we don't really have a firm grasp on the radicalization process," said Colin Clarke, director of policy and research at the Soufan Group, a security consulting firm.

Privately, law enforcement officials acknowledge that it could take years to identify and apprehend some of the individuals they are hunting - if they ever do - and they say there is always the possibility that some of those people, knowing they are wanted, could lash out violently again.

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The Jan. 6 riot has produced one of the most sprawling and complex investigations in the FBI's history. In scale and scope, officials have said, only the response to the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, is comparable.

A review of records of the 411 people publicly charged in federal court as of Monday shows that the majority of the more than 2,000 individual criminal charges levied against defendants are misdemeanors. More than 600 of the charges are potential felonies, and slightly more than half the people charged face at least one felony.

The most common charge against the Jan. 6 defendants is knowingly entering or remaining in a restricted building without authority - a kind of catchall count for trespassing on restricted grounds. The second most common charge filed is disorderly or disruptive conduct in a restricted building or grounds - a count lodged against more than 300 people. Seventy-five have been charged with assaulting, resisting, or impeding police officers.

The threat of significant jail time has led to the first guilty plea stemming from Jan. 6, in which Jon Ryan Schaffer - described in court documents as a founding member of the Oath Keepers - agreed to cooperate fully with prosecutors. In a sign of how seriously authorities consider the potential for further violence, as part of his plea deal, authorities said they will consider whether to place him in witness protection.

Schaffer, 53, a guitarist and songwriter for the internationally touring metal band Iced Earth, pleaded guilty to obstruction of an official proceeding of Congress and trespassing on restricted grounds. Schaffer's lawyer, Marc Victor, said his client contacted authorities as soon as he knew they were looking for him, surrendered to the FBI, and wanted to "take responsibility for his role in the Capitol riot." Under the terms of his deal, he could face roughly four years in prison, though if his cooperation is valuable to prosecutors in other cases, he might be able to shave a significant amount of time off that sentence.

As the charged cases proceed through the courts, the prosecutors will try to show how their evidence points to planning by some of the attackers, how much was spontaneous and what remains uncertain about the origins of the riot.

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More than 50 people charged in connection with the Capitol riot have known affiliations with a political or extremist group, according to court records, and they account for nearly all the conspiracy charges.

More than two dozen alleged members or supporters of the Proud Boys have been charged with committing crimes involving the Capitol riot. The group, whose Canadian chapter recently dissolved after being designated a terrorist organization by the Canadian government, has a reputation for engaging in street clashes with left-wing protesters. Such confrontations fuel the group's social media appeal to young audiences online.

The Proud Boys have been a major focus of the FBI's Jan. 6 investigation from the start, in part because videos of the violence showed their members using equipment - such as radio earpieces and pieces of orange tape - suggesting a degree of prior planning, according to law enforcement officials. But their embrace of live-streaming their own actions also provided some of the best evidence against those who have been charged. The leader of the Proud Boys, Enrique Tarrio, has said his group's members never planned to do anything other than attend a peaceful rally that day.

Authorities accuse Joseph Biggs of leading a group of Proud Boys on a march around the Capitol before several members allegedly led some of the earliest and most aggressive efforts to charge police and smash windows and doors. Even though Biggs was unarmed and did not assault anyone, prosecutors say the Florida man played a key role in sparking the violence that unfolded. Prosecutors say Biggs forcibly entered the Capitol twice and reached the Senate chamber, where Vice President Mike Pence had been presiding before lawmakers had to flee the mob. Biggs has pleaded not guilty.

In contrast to the Proud Boys, extremism experts say, the Oath Keepers appeared more disciplined on Jan. 6, with members at times moving in unison together through the crowd, many wearing tactical vests and helmets. A self-styled militia founded in 2009, the group recruits current and former military and law enforcement members to join and help it prepare for its apocalyptic vision of the U.S. government careening toward totalitarianism.

About 15 members of the Oath Keepers have been charged. The leader of the Oath Keepers, Stewart Rhodes, has denied concocting any plan to storm Congress; he has acknowledged the investigation and the possibility that he may be arrested.

Without a known leader or coherent goal, QAnon is difficult to categorize or fight, but law enforcement officials have come to view QAnon as a motivating factor to some of the rioters, and they worry that the movement could go strange new directions - or find common cause with other fringe groups - now that Trump is out of office.

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Nearly 70 of the people charged in connection with the Capitol riot are current or former government, military or law enforcement members. Many of them have said they were fulfilling their duties to the public or the Constitution with their actions, driven by Trump's claims of a stolen election.

"I know you don't like Trump, but He is the rightful President!" Michael Lee Hardin, 50, a former Salt Lake City police officer, texted a friend from inside the Capitol, according to court documents. "We will return until we win!" Hardin has pleaded not guilty to four misdemeanor counts of trespassing and disorderly conduct on restricted Capitol grounds.

Those who allegedly took part in the mayhem include a range of people responsible for upholding the law and protecting safety: current and retired police officers, firefighters, local government bureaucrats and elected officials. There was a West Virginia lawmaker, a county commissioner from New Mexico and a member of a Massachusetts town council. Among the defendants is a Trump administration appointee to the State Department who had top-secret clearance: Federico Klein, who is accused of fighting police officers that day in "hand-to-hand combat," according to court filings. He pleaded not guilty.

They include 30-year-old Michael Foy, a Marine Corps veteran from Wixom, Mich., who is said to have beaten a police officer with a hockey stick, and 33-year-old Christopher Alberts, a former Army national guardsman from northern Maryland who investigators say brought a gun to the Capitol. Two Marine Corps veterans, Alex Harkrider, 34, and his friend Ryan Nichols, 30, traveled together from rural East Texas to Washington and fought their way into the Capitol, armed with a baton, a crowbar and pepper spray, and wearing tactical vests of the sort troops might wear into combat, according to court filings. All four men pleaded not guilty.

"If you have a weapon, you need to get your weapon!" Nichols yelled through a bullhorn outside the Capitol, according to court documents that cite video evidence posted on social media. "This is the second revolution right here, folks!" he shouted at another point. "This is not a peaceful protest."

At least 17 of those charged were current or former members of law enforcement, including two former New York City police officers and two current officers from Rocky Mount, Va.

Thomas Webster, a 54-year-old retired New York City police officer, beat a D.C. police officer with a metal flagpole and tackled him, trying to rip off the officer's face shield and gas mask, prosecutors said. He has pleaded not guilty.

Joseph Wayne Fischer, a 55-year-old officer from the North Cornwall Township Police Department in Pennsylvania, shouted, "Hold the line!" as he charged a line of police, according to court documents, and identified himself as "a cop" amid the scuffle. Fischer also pleaded not guilty.

At least 53 defendants are detained - about 13% of the total who have been charged in federal court and nearly one-quarter of the 230 who face felony charges.

The percentage of Jan. 6 defendants jailed before trial is far lower than the nearly 75% of federal defendants nationwide. Many of the former are not accused of violence, have no criminal history and have stable family and community ties and pose less risk of public danger or flight, the criteria judges use for requiring detention.

Judges have also been less willing to detain defendants pretrial because the pandemic has backlogged jury trials and the massive scale of the Jan. 6 investigation is requiring more time to decide individual cases, raising concerns that defendants could wait longer for trial in jail than any sentence they might face if convicted.

Those who are detained face charges that generally fall into at least one of three categories: violent offenses such as assaulting police, weapons violations, or wider conspiracies in which defendants are alleged to have engaged in planning or preparations for unlawful actions.

For example, about half of Jan. 6 defendants charged with assaulting police remain detained, about 30 of 75.

About a dozen are said to be members or associates of extremist groups such as the Proud Boys or the Oath Keepers.

All defendants jailed pending trial are men except one transgender woman, and nearly three-fourths are in their 30s and 40s, with the rest evenly split between older and younger, with a median age of 37.

About 15 are U.S. military veterans, and one is a former police officer.

The youngest detained defendant is 21 - alleged Oregon Proud Boys member Jonathanpeter Klein, who has pleaded not guilty and sought release to home detention because he says he is not a flight or safety risk.

The oldest person jailed is Lonnie Coffman, 70, of Falkville, Ala., accused of parking a pickup truck with 11 Molotov-cocktails and five loaded weapons on Capitol Hill.

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This report was produced in partnership with journalism students at the American University school of communication. Students Ana Álvarez, Aaron Schaffer, Tobi Raji, Maya Smith, Sarah Salem and Sarah Welch contributed to the report.