Who, when and how? A look at the UK's vaccination rollout

LONDON — British regulators have become the first to authorize the COVID-19 vaccine developed by American drugmaker Pfizer and Germany's BioNTech for emergency use. Because trials of the vaccine have shown it has 95% efficacy, there is acute interest in how the U.K. plans to implement potentially its biggest-ever immunization program. Here's a look at what is known about Britain's vaccination plan:

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HOW MUCH OF THE VACCINE DOES THE U.K. HAVE?

Not enough. The U.K. has put in orders for 40 million doses, which can inoculate 20 million people, since each person gets two doses 21 days apart. Other vaccines will be needed for all the 53 million or so people eligible for shots; the U.K. only plans to immunize the population over age 16.

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WHEN WILL THE ROLLOUT BEGIN?

The plan is to start a phased rollout of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine early next week across the U.K., including from 50 "hospital hubs" in England. Around 800,000 doses are slated to arrive from Belgium in the coming days. The aim is for the bulk of the first deliveries to be used on the most "at-risk" groups — nursing home residents and their caregivers, as well as people over age 80. The National Health Service will take the lead in the rollout of the vaccine, which eventually will expand to pharmacies and specially built vaccination centers.

HOW WILL THE ROLLOUT WORK?

It won't be straightforward. Because the vaccine must be stored and transported at about minus 70 degrees Celsius (minus 94 degrees Fahrenheit), there are clear logistical issues. Fortunately, the vaccine is stable at normal refrigerator temperatures, between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius (35.6 to 46.4 F), for a few days, meaning that it can be stored locally ahead of being administered.

Another complication arises from doses coming in packs of 975 that cannot be divided at the moment, making it impossible to deliver vaccines to individual care homes. NHS England Chief Executive Simon Stevens said he hoped authorities will approve a safe way of splitting up the dose packs so the jabs can get to care homes this month in the "first tranche of priorities."

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HOW LONG WILL THE VACCINATION EFFORT TAKE?

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WILL THE U.K. MAKE VACCINES COMPULSORY?

No. Taking the vaccine will be voluntary, but the government and public health bodies are strongly urging everyone to get it. There will be no specific precautions required for anyone who has already had COVID-19, and there will be no mandatory testing for the virus.

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WHO WILL BE VACCINATED FIRST?

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AND THEN WHO IS NEXT?

All residents 75 and older should be vaccinated next, according to the JCVI, followed by those age 70 and over and people deemed to be clinically "extremely vulnerable." During the first phase of the immunization program, Britain has created nine separate groups down to those age 50 and above. Overall, it hopes that between 90-99% of people most at risk of dying from COVID 19 will have been immunized during the first phase.

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IS THE VACCINATION PLAN SET IN STONE?

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WHAT ABOUT ACCESS FOR OTHER HARD-HIT GROUPS?

As the rollout gathers steam, the JCVI is also advising local NHS providers, public health teams and community leaders to keep an eye out for any potential health inequalities linked to ethnicity, deprivation or access to health care. Studies have shown a disproportionate number of people from poorer households and from ethnic minorities have died during Britain's coronavirus outbreak. The U.K. has seen nearly 60,000 virus-related deaths, Europe's highest death toll in the pandemic.

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HOW LONG BEFORE IMMUNITY KICKS IN?

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WHAT'S THE LONG-TERM PLAN?