Zombie-mania expresses the 'terrors' of our time

A search for "zombie fiction" on Amazon currently provides you with more than 25,000 options. Barely a week goes by without another onslaught from the living dead on our screens. We've just seen the return of one of the most successful of these, "The Walking Dead," starring Andrew Lincoln as small-town sheriff Rick Grimes. The show follows the adventures of Rick and fellow survivors as they kill lots of zombies and increasingly, other survivors, as they desperately seek safety.

Generational monsters

Since at least the late 19th century, each generation has created fictional enemies that reflect a broader unease with cultural or scientific developments. The "Yellow Peril" villains such as Fu Manchu were a response to the massive increase in Chinese migration to the U.S. and Europe from the 1870s, for example.

As the industrial revolution steamed ahead, speculative fiction of authors such as H. G. Wells began to consider where scientific innovation would take mankind. This trend reached its height in the Cold War during the 1950s and 1960s. Radiation-mutated monsters and invasions from space seen through the paranoid lens of communism all postulated the imminent demise of mankind.

By the 1970s, in films such as "The Parallax View" and "Three Days of the Condor," the enemy evolved into government institutions and powerful corporations. This reflected public disenchantment following years of increasing social conflict, Vietnam and the Watergate scandal.

In the 1980s and 1990s it was the threat of AIDS that was embodied in the monsters of the era, such as "bunny boiling" stalker Alex in "Fatal Attraction." Alex's obsessive pursuit of the man with whom she shared a one-night stand, Susanne Leonard argues, represented "the new cultural alignment between risk and sexual contact," a theme continued with Anne Rice's vampire Lestat in her series "The Vampire Chronicles."

Risk and anxiety

Author M. Keith Booker argued in the 1950s, "the golden age of nuclear fear," that radiation and its fictional consequences were the flip side of a growing faith that science would solve the world's problems. In many respects, we are now living with the collapse of this faith. Today we live in societies dominated by an overarching anxiety reflecting the risk associated with each unpredictable scientific development.

Now we know that we are part of the problem, not necessarily the solution. The "breakthroughs" that were welcomed in the last century now represent some of our most pressing concerns. People have lost faith in assumptions of social and scientific "progress."

Globalization

Central to this is globalization. While generating enormous benefits, globalization is also tearing communities apart. The political landscape is rapidly changing as established political institutions seem unable to meet the challenges presented by the social and economic dislocation.

However, although destructive, globalization is also forging new links among people, through what author Anthony Giddens calls the "emptying of time and space." Modern digital media have built new transnational alliances, and, particularly in the West, confronted people with stark moral questions about the consequences of their own lifestyles.

Evolving zombies

Modern zombies are the product of this globalized, risk-conscious world. No longer the work of a single "mad" scientist reanimating the dead, they now appear as the result of secret government programs creating untreatable viruses. The zombies indiscriminately overwhelm states irrespective of wealth, technology and military strength, turning all order to chaos.

Meanwhile, the zombies themselves are evolving into much more tenacious adversaries. In Danny Boyle's "28 Days Later," it takes only 20 days for society to be devastated. Charlie Higson's "Enemy" series of novels have the zombies getting leadership and using tools. In the film of Max Brooks' novel, "World War Z," the seemingly superhuman athleticism of the zombies reflects the devastating springboard that vast urban populations would provide for such a disease. The film, starring Brad Pitt, had a reported budget of $190 million, demonstrating what a big business zombies have become.

Why zombies, why now?

This is a relentless enemy, seeking to cause death and destruction with little or no regard to their own safety. They may be your neighbor, a friend or teacher - but now they want you dead. Sound familiar?

In these conflicts, the strategic target is no longer the opposing army but the hearts and minds of the people, both at home and abroad. It is in this context that the popularity of the zombie genre has grown. A cursory look through zombie entertainment reveals that the vast majority of it has been produced in the last 10 years.

Like those of previous generations, our fictional nemesis reflects deep-seated concerns. The shock of the Paris Charlie Hebdo attack, the Copenhagen shootings and the Sydney siege are still fresh in our memory.

As the survivors in "The Walking Dead" have found, such relentless enemies may force even the most upright citizens to confront their moral codes. Rick's struggle to hold onto his old values is one of the most fascinating aspects of the program. In the battle for TV ratings, survival, no matter what it takes, may be enough, but in the real world, holding on to our moral compass may be the greatest weapon we possess.

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