Under President Biden, Congress could be in charge

Lawmakers enter the home stretch of the 2020 campaign season at a time when they have never looked weaker. Still hoping to pass another round of virus relief, but thus far unwilling to make the compromises needed to get there, they war over President Donald Trump's nominee to the Supreme Court, Amy Coney Barrett.

Republicans still plan to confirm Barrett despite the president and three GOP senators contracting the coronavirus. Democrats warn that she would join the court's conservative bloc in overturning the 2010 health care law. That only underscored Congress's impotence. Implicit in their argument is the presumption that a Democratic Congress next year could not repair the damage.

Still, in a month's time, if the polls are to be believed, Joe Biden, who spent 36 years in the Senate, will win the presidency. His ascent could offer Congress a way out of its downward spiral.

A President Biden would face a choice of three paths.

He could follow the lead of Barack Obama and Trump in seeking to implement his agenda by executive action, further expanding presidential power.

He could join progressives who see the only route to tackle the country's biggest problems, on climate change, health care, immigration and racial justice, through ending the Senate filibuster, and offer Congress a chance at restoration.

Or he could attempt to work across the aisle as he once did as a senator, the most fraught option of the three.

But in so doing, Biden may well shift the balance of power in Washington away from the executive, where it now resides, back to Congress.

Senate Minority Leader Charles E. Schumer says his fellow Democrats know incremental progress is no longer enough: "Should we get the majority we know America needs strong and bold change and we will figure out the way to do it."

Biden might worry that a congressional majority unimpeded by the filibuster would deal the president out of important policy decisions. Liberal lawmakers could presume, correctly, that it would be difficult for Biden to veto a bill produced by his own party, or even to negotiate changes to it.

During the first presidential debate, Biden said he did not support progressives' Green New Deal. But the bill's Senate sponsor, Massachusetts Democrat Edward J. Markey, didn't sound worried. "The progressive left is with Joe Biden, and we will pass a Green New Deal," he said in a statement.

Even if Biden steers a Democratic Congress in a more moderate direction, as Kevin Kosar, the founder of the Legislative Branch Capacity Working Group, expects, the elimination of the filibuster will boost congressional power in the long run.

Even the health care law of 2010, which Democratic congressional majorities passed with the aid of the reconciliation rules, was driven more by lawmakers, and less by the White House, than other blockbuster laws of the past.

Still, these reconciliation-enabled laws, in which Congress played a major role in policymaking, are the exception, rather than the rule, in the big debates of recent years. Congress' rules limit reconciliation bills to one per year, and the process doesn't work when the chambers are divided.

Christopher DeMuth, the former president of the conservative American Enterprise Institute, has argued that eliminating the filibuster as well as the ability of senators to place "holds" on bills, delaying their consideration, could direct power back to Congress, where passing legislation is hard. The president can regulate with comparative ease.

"The great engine of government growth today is executive lawmaking, punctuated by spasms of legislation (Obamacare, Dodd-Frank) that propel new executive exertions which Congress is then helpless to moderate," DeMuth wrote in 2015. "The filibuster and hold have become mechanisms of legislative passivity in the face of executive activism, and of the regression of Congress to a congeries of solo practitioners."

Despite their regulatory successes, neither Obama nor Trump was able to do what a united congressional majority might have. Obama's efforts to regulate greenhouse gas emissions came mainly to nought, while his Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, even as it provided a forbearance to thousands of unauthorized immigrants, barely scratched the surface of what many Democrats would like to do to make it easier for foreigners to come to the United States.

Biden might have to hand over more authority to Democrats in Congress if he wants to go big.

The third, compromising option is the one Biden's experience in the Senate resembled: a modest, incrementalist approach on pressing matters Congress cannot ignore, where bipartisan support only needs a push from a strong executive to get over the finish line. His presidency could test the conventional wisdom that experience in Congress does not lead to success in the White House.

Biden suggested this was his preferred path in a speech to the National Education Association this summer, recalling his Senate career.

"Compromise is not a dirty word," he told the teachers union. "It's how our government was designed to work. I found that my whole life. And so I'll do as president."

And he argued it would not limit him to noncontroversial matters. "I've been able to bring Democrats and Republicans together in the United States Congress for past big things," he said.

Bipartisan legislation often dies in Congress because party leaders in control of the floor agenda won't bring it up. They refuse because bipartisan bills often split their own parties.

Strong presidents can overcome the roadblocks by insisting that lawmakers move, as George W. Bush did when he backed increased federal funding for education and a Medicare drug benefit, both anathema to budget hawks in his own party. Trump did it when he got behind a bill to reduce mandatory minimum prison sentences in 2018 despite opposition from many Republicans.

Before declaring his candidacy last year, Biden said he expected Republicans would have an "epiphany" after Trump is gone, suggesting he sees a return to the deal making of his Senate years.