U.S. needs a federal media shield law

Reporters Without Borders, which advocates for global press freedom, routinely routes e-mail alerts about journalists jeopardized by repressive regimes or other nonstate actors. Just this week it sent descriptions about abuses in Ukraine, Uganda, Turkmenistan, Turkey, India and Syria, as well as other countries.

Like the United States.

On Wednesday, the organization said it was "alarmed by the frequency with which the Obama administration has reacted to leaks by bringing prosecutions under the 1917 Espionage Act." The e-mail also covered the covert seizure by the Justice Department of two months of Associated Press phone records, as well as labeling James Rosen, a Fox News reporter, "at the very least, either as an aider, abettor and/or co-conspirator" for his role in reporting a 2009 national-security story.

On Thursday, it was revealed that Attorney General Eric Holder personally signed off on the Rosen warrant, reflecting the Justice Department's concern over leaks. But based on the backlash, it's the administration that's taking on water. Liberal and conservative commentators alike have excoriated President Obama, with some comparing him to Richard Nixon.

Pressed, the president ordered a review of procedures regarding DOJ investigations of reporters. And last week Obama called for a reintroduction of the 2009 Free Flow of Information Act, which would create a federal media shield law. The previous version was similar to state-level laws. According to an analysis by the Newspaper Association of America, "The bill establishes a privilege that would be qualified, not absolute. The legislation sets forth reasonable and well-balanced ground rules for when a journalist can be compelled to testify about confidential sources, including where information is needed to prevent an act of terrorism or other significant harm to national security. Federal standards are desperately needed to provide uniformity in light of conflicting opinions."

The 2009 act "does not give a free pass to the press or their sources," Caroline H. Little, president and CEO of the NAA said in an interview. "It's just a privilege that would be qualified. So it's basically taking the enforcement out of the Justice Department and having a judge oversee it." Currently, "when the Justice Department is seeking this information and, by virtue of the rules, is the actual enforcer of these rules, it's a little like the fox guarding the henhouse."

It's not just journalists who need a shield. Ultimately, the public gets protection from government secrecy and overreach.

And sources could clam up because of these investigations, according to Mark Anfinson, a First Amendment, communications and media attorney who has represented the Star Tribune.

"People won't talk. People won't help people. People won't cooperate with things like tips, and background, and off-the-record stories. It's going to have a chilling effect on the collection of certain types of valuable information," Anfinson said.

Of course, not everyone should talk. National security may be at stake, after all. In fact, the previous press for a national shield law was derailed by concerns over WikiLeaks' release of classified cables from the State Department, as well as other sensitive information.

The need to balance national security and press freedom isn't lost on advocates of a national shield law. "The press is very, very conscientious about that and understands that there are ways to get a story out without identifying national-security concerns," said Little.

A different kind of balance has happened since the AP/DOJ uproar. The controversy has upended the partisan paralysis seen on so many other issues. But in the long run, bipartisanship on press protection isn't news.

Added Anfinson: "I have never perceived it as any kind of a partisan issue, or one side of the political divide is significantly better on this issue. The reason it's worked so well over the years in so many states is that it hasn't been real partisan."

In fact, the opposite has happened. The news media, long considered divisive, has become a rare rallying point.

"It proves the point that when it comes to issues of freedom of expression and freedom of information, these really should be nonpartisan issues," Kirtley said. "If you believe in the 'small d' democratic system, you are going to believe in these core values of government transparency and freedom of speech."

Indeed, our democracy, which depends on a truly free press, should be a beacon, not a concern for Reporters Without Borders.

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