Forecast for stocks in the second half of year: Turbulence

The stock market has been on a frustrating, dizzying roller-coaster ride to nowhere the last couple of years. It's still not over.

Stock strategists and mutual-fund managers are predicting minimal gains and big swings in price for the second half of the year. That's because many of the same challenges that yanked investments up and down in the first half are still hanging over the market, including falling profits at companies and the stubbornly slow global economy.

"Flat is the new up" is how strategists at Goldman Sachs described the market in a recent report. They are calling for the Standard & Poor's 500 index to end the year at 2,100, which would be about where it was last week. Other investment houses have similar forecasts.

A flat market may not be so painful on its own, but prognosticators expect sharp swings in prices also to continue.

Strategists say they wouldn't be surprised to see another 10 percent drop for stocks at some point this year. It would be the third such "correction" since 2015, a sharp turnaround from 2012 through 2014, when there were none.

Swings have become more common for stocks since the Federal Reserve ended its bond-buying stimulus program in October 2014, but they have followed a consistent pattern: A quick drop stirs up fear, only for a rally to ensue. The United Kingdom's vote late last month to leave the European Union was the latest example.

The dip-recovery-dip pattern has been so regular over the last 18 months that the S&P 500 is now almost exactly where it was at the end of 2014.

Investors who need that money shortly, say in the next couple of months or years, shouldn't have been in stocks to begin with, managers say. They should have been in a savings account or bonds. But those looking to invest for retirement decades away would likely do best to ignore the swings, as difficult as that may be. Stocks have historically had the strongest long-term returns.

Among the factors that could send stocks down, and back up, in the short term:

• Earnings are falling, but the bottom may be arriving.

Companies have just closed the books on the second quarter, and analysts say earnings per share across the S&P 500 fell 5 percent from a year earlier. It would be the fourth decline in a row, according to S&P Global Market Intelligence.

The sharpest drops are likely to come from energy producers, which are still reeling from the plunge in the price of crude oil. Tech companies and other sectors are also seeing profits weaken amid slow or nonexistent revenue growth.

• Stocks aren't cheap.

Stocks in the S&P 500 are trading about 26 times their average earnings per share over the last 10 years, adjusted for inflation. That's nearly double the ratio they were trading at when stocks hit bottom in March 2009 after the financial crisis, according to data from Yale University professor Robert Shiller.

One reason for stocks' popularity is that bonds are offering very little in terms of yield.

• The global economy is still shaky.

The freak-out following last month's Brexit vote shows how worried investors are about the global economy. Europe is already struggling, and the fear is that the United Kingdom's exit will further weaken its economy and those of its continental neighbors.

More encouragingly, the U.S. economy is expected to continue growing. A strengthening job market and relatively low inflation mean economists expect consumers to spend more.

• Questions about policy.

Presidential-election years have historically been a struggle for stocks, particularly when there's no incumbent running. The S&P 500 has had an average 3.3 percent loss in the last year of a president's second term, according to S&P Global Market Intelligence.

Many lay the blame for that on how investors dislike uncertainty. This election looks to be full of that. Fund managers have already begun war-gaming what a Trump presidency could mean for their portfolios. Exporters could be hurt by proposals to limit trade, for example, but they're unsure about other ramifications.

Investors are also guessing about when the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates again. The central bank raised rates in December for the first time since 2006, but many economists think the next increase may not arrive until 2017.