SEATTLE – Perhaps you're digging out your Christmas lights to perform the annual ritual of plugging them in and counting the dead.
Maybe you made a time-consuming and unsuccessful attempt to repair the half-working light sets, replacing a few burned-out bulbs, fiddling with the tiny fuses before giving up and adding them to the collection in the garage — a tangled ball of white and green plastic, wire and glass.
And now you're wondering what to do with them.
As simple as lights seem, the answers tell stories about the co-dependence of U.S. consumers and Chinese recyclers and producers, fluctuating commodity prices, the effects of the Trump administration's protectionist trade policies, and planned obsolescence.
For starters, burned-out Christmas lights need not end up in the landfill. They can be recycled, though it takes a little effort. They should not be put in household recycling bins.
Companies that handle municipal recycling for local cities see a surge in discarded light sets in early December and again in January, but they don't want them. The strings can tangle in sorting equipment, slowing the process or damaging machinery, a spokeswoman says.
Instead, you can drop them off at some local stores and in collection bins around the region set out by nonprofit organizations, or bring them directly to recyclers and scrap yards. These will return your defunct string of lights — specifically the copper wire inside — to the global commodities supply chain.
"Right now, there is a market for Christmas lights and it's strong enough that I can actually pay a little bit for it, and I get paid for it," said Jonathan Howe, owner of West Seattle Recycling.
Howe said he's paid as much as 25 cents a pound in the past. It's all driven by the global copper market, which was dragged down a few months ago by a slowing Chinese economy and the U.S.-China trade war, which also promises to boost the cost of new Christmas lights — almost all of which are made in China.
Christmas lights are a "drop in the bucket" compared to the volume of newspaper, nonferrous metals, aluminum cans and other items most recyclers collect. Howe said the small recycling center might receive 1,000 pounds of lights during the holiday season, though that can increase five-fold if commercial lighting installers come his way when they take down their displays in January.
Recyclers, in turn, seek the best price they can get for Christmas lights from specialty buyers who ship them back to China.
That's where the journey ends for old lights. It's also where the journey begins. But that wasn't always the case. Electric Christmas lights are a distinctly American invention.
Thomas Edison gets credit for the first string of electric lights, displayed in his Menlo Park, N.J., laboratory in 1880. Edward Johnson, an Edison friend and partner, was the first to put the lights on a tree in 1882, replacing the traditional (and dangerous) candles, according to a history compiled by the Library of Congress. President Grover Cleveland had the White House Christmas tree decked out in electric lights in 1895, and the electrification of Christmas began in earnest.
Edison's General Electric pioneered the first light sets in 1903, but they were costly — renting a set of 28 was $300 in today's dollars. In the 1920s, the National Outfit Manufacturer's Association, NOMA, took over the business with a more affordable option and was the largest manufacturer in the world for the next 40 years, according to Woodward, who wrote a detailed history of Christmas lights last year.
In the 1950s, the popularity of aluminum Christmas trees, which were not decorated with lights, hit NOMA hard. It went bankrupt in 1966. By 1978, U.S. Christmas light manufacturing was a thing of the past.
The popularity of Christmas lights has only grown, however, with homeowner and businesses vying to outdo each other in over-the-top lighting displays.
Now, China dominates the Christmas lights business. In 2017, nearly $416 million worth of "lighting sets of a kind used for Christmas trees" were imported to the U.S., almost entirely from China, according to trade statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau. That's an estimate of just the price paid at export. Woodward said lighting and decorating for Christmas is a "multibillion-dollar industry, but oddly enough, there's very little solid research data available."
Judging by the volume of lights at the Shijiao recyclers, a good deal of that is spent on replacing last year's burned-out sets. Woodward said retail-grade light sets can be expected to last, on average, two to three years.
This feels a lot like planned obsolescence — the industrial strategy of building products to fail, pricing them so cheaply that repair isn't worth it and reaping repeat sales from the same customers year after year.
(Coincidentally, planned obsolescence as a business strategy began in the 1924 with the Phoebus cartel of international light-bulb manufacturers - including GE - who divvied up the global market and agreed to artificially limit the life span of the incandescent light bulb to 1,000 hours - well below the common operating life of bulbs at the time.)
Then again, Christmas lights do tough duty, enduring the jolts and abuses of unpacking and setup, exposure to wet and windy winter weather and fleeting-but-still-damaging sunlight, the post-holiday takedown and storage the rest of the year in a hot-cold garage or attic. Exposure to the salt air in coastal locations can cut their expected life span in half, Woodward said.
So how to get off of this global cycle of buying, recycling and buying again?
"Trying to buy more durable products and keep them going so you don't have to recycle, throw them out or try to repair them — that's the best thing," said Tom Watson, a longtime public outreach project manager with the King County Solid Waste Division.
The LED lights that are coming to dominate the market promise greater durability, in part because they use dramatically less power.
People should look for lights marketed as professional or commercial grade, which can be expected to last twice as long as retail-grade sets, Woodward said. They come at a premium price, but should be cheaper over their life span.
He notes that "made in China" doesn't have to mean low quality.
Christmas lights from China were among the thousands of products slapped with 10 percent tariffs in September. That was due to increase to 25 percent in January, but this weekend's agreement between the U.S. and China puts it off for 90 days while the two governments seek to iron out their many differences on trade.
As the impact of the tariffs takes effect, Woodward expects a surge in production in Vietnam and other decountries, rather than China.
