William Yellow Robe, the August Wilson of Native American playwrights, dies at 61

Playwright William S. Yellow Robe Jr. was often likened to August Wilson for his uncompromising artistic vision and his fidelity to Native arts and culture. But the comparison carried only so far. Yellow Robe was not as well known but was highly respected in theater circles.

The professor, director and longtime company member of Penumbra Theatre died July 19 in Bangor, Maine, where he had been teaching. He was 61 and had long battled health issues, including diabetes and congestive heart failure.

"Bill believed there should be 574 Native theaters — one for each federally recognized tribe," said Rhiana Yazzie, founder of the New Native Theatre in St. Paul. "Each tribe should have its own theater in its own voice and right to tell its own story."

Yellow Robe lived that ethos, writing insightful, witty plays that plumbed the historical trauma and contemporary aches of Native American life alongside the joys.

He published his dozens of full-length and short plays in anthologies such as "Where the Pavement Ends" and "Restless Spirits."

Yellow Robe is best known for titles such as "The Independence of Eddie Rose," about a teenage boy facing the family demons of alcoholism and domestic abuse; "The Council," a children's play featuring animal characters; and "Grandchildren of the Buffalo Soldiers," about the all-Black regiment that fought in the Indian Wars. "Grandchildren," which drew on his own biography, was produced at Penumbra, directed by theater founder Lou Bellamy, who took it on a national tour to Trinity Rep in Providence, R.I., and to Native American reservations.

Born into an Assiniboine family Feb. 4, 1960, on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in Poplar, Mont., Yellow Robe was educated at reservation schools. He found his calling early and left the reservation for the University of Montana in Missoula, where he developed his acting and writing but found barriers to his success. He would only be cast in "Indian" roles, often one-dimensional stereotypes.

Yellow Robe also encountered barriers to getting his work produced, so he founded a company, the Wakiknabe Intertribal Theatre Company in Albuquerque, N.M., where he was teaching. Yazzie was one of his students and mentees.

"Artistic directors across the country knew of his work but were afraid to put them onstage because Bill was always very truthful about the experiences of Native peoples," Yazzie said. "He taught us to be truthful no matter what other people think about Native stories and to not change characters or themes or plot points to make audiences feel safe."

Yellow Robe worked across the country to build up Native artists. His plays were produced or read at La Mama Theatre in New York, New York's Public Theater and Trinity Rep at Brown University, where he first met Oskar Eustis, artistic director at the Public.

"Bill Yellow Robe was a unique and wonderful playwright," Eustis said. "His work was fierce, funny and searingly honest … [It] could be uncomfortable, and provoke controversy, but he provided a glimpse into contemporary Native American life unparalleled in its depth and detail."

Yellow Robe's survivors include widow Jeanne Domek-Yellow Robe of Maine and sister Karen Yellow Robe of Wolf Point, Mont. Services have been held.