She set a photo afire, lit a cigarette — and became a symbol of resistance for Iran protesters

LONDON — With one puff of a cigarette, a woman in Canada became a global symbol of defiance against Iran's bloody crackdown on dissent — and the world saw the flame.

A video that has gone viral in recent days shows the woman — who described herself as an Iranian refugee — snapping open a lighter and setting the flame to a photo she holds. It ignites, illuminating the visage of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran's highest cleric. Then the woman dips a cigarette into the glow, takes a quick drag — and lets what remains of the image fall to the pavement.

Whether staged or a spontaneous act of defiance — and there's plenty of debate — the video has become one of the defining images of the protests in Iran against the Islamic Republic's ailing economy, as U.S. President Donald Trump considers military action in the country again.

The gesture has jumped from the virtual world to the real one, with opponents of the regime lighting cigarettes on photos of the ayatollah from Israel to Germany and Switzerland to the United States.

In the 34 seconds of footage, many across platforms like X, Instagram and Reddit saw one person defy a series of the theocracy's laws and norms in a riveting act of autonomy. She wears no hijab, three years after the ''Women, Life, Freedom'' protests against the regime's required headscarves.

She burns an image of Iran's supreme leader, a crime in the Islamic republic punishable by death. Her curly hair cascades — yet another transgression in the Iranian government's eyes. She lights a cigarette from the flame — a gesture considered immodest in Iran.

And in those few seconds, circulated and amplified a million times over, she steps into history.

In 2026, social media is a central battleground for narrative control over conflicts. Protesters in Iran say the unrest is a demonstration against the regime's strictures and competence. Iran has long cast it as a plot by outsiders like United States and Israel to destabilize the Islamic Republic.

And both sides are racing to tell the story of it that will endure.

Iranian state media announces wave after wave of arrests by authorities, targeting those it calls ''terrorists'' and also apparently looking for Starlink satellite internet dishes, the only way to get videos and images out to the internet. There was evidence on Thursday that the regime's bloody crackdown had somewhat smothered the dissent after activists said it had killed at least 2,615 people. That figure dwarfs the death toll from any other round of protest or unrest in Iran in decades and recalls the mayhem of the country's 1979 Islamic Revolution.

Social media has bloomed with photos of people lighting cigarettes from photos of Iran's leader. ''Smoke 'em if you got 'em. #Iran,'' posted Republican U.S. Sen. Tim Sheehy of Montana.

In the age of AI, misinformation and disinformation, there's abundant reason to question emotionally and politically charged images. So when ''the cigarette girl'' appeared online this month, plenty of users did just that.

Many wondered: Is the ''cigarette girl'' an example of ''psyops?'' That, too, is unclear. That's a feature of warfare and statecraft as old as human conflict, in which an image or sound is deliberately disseminated by someone with a stake in the outcome. From the allies' fake radio broadcasts during World War II to the Cold War's nuclear missile parades, history is rich with examples.

The U.S. Army doesn't even hide it. The 4th Psychological Operations Group out of Ft. Bragg in North Carolina last year released a recruitment video called, ''Ghost in the Machine 2 that's peppered with references to ''PSYWAR.'' And the Gaza war featured a ferocious battle of optics: Hamas forced Israeli hostages to publicly smile and pose before being released, and Israel broadcast their jubilant reunions with family and friends.

Whatever the answer, the symbolism of the Iranian woman's act was powerful enough to rocket around the world on social media — and inspire people at real-life protests to copy it.

The woman behind the imagery

The woman did not respond to multiple efforts by The Associated Press to confirm her identity. But she has spoken to other outlets, and AP confirmed the authenticity of those interviews.

She doesn't allow her real name to be published for safety reasons after what she describes as a harrowing journey from being a dissident in Iran — where she says she was arrested and abused — to safety in Turkey. There, she told The Objective, she obtained a student visa for Canada. Now, in her mid-20s, she said she has refugee status in and lives in Toronto.

It was there, on Jan. 7, that she filmed what's become known as ''the cigarette girl'' video a day before the Iranian regime imposed a near-total internet blackout.

''I just wanted to tell my friends that my heart, my soul was with them,'' she said in an interview on CNN-News18, a network affiliate in India.

In the interviews, the woman said she was arrested for the first time at 17 during the ''bloody November'' protests of 2019, demonstrations that erupted after Trump pulled the U.S. out of the nuclear deal that Iran had struck with world powers that imposed crushing sanctions.

''I was strongly opposed to the Islamic regime,'' she told The Objective. Security forces ''arrested me with tasers and batons. I spent a night in a detention center without my family knowing where I was or what had happened to me.'' Her family eventually secured her release by offering a pay slip for bail. ''I was under surveillance from that moment on.''

The woman said she was questioned and ''subjected to severe humiliation and physical abuse.'' Then without explanation, she was released on a high bail. She fled to Turkey and began her journey to Canada and, eventually, global notoriety.