Learn these terms to sound like a car expert

Sometimes car talk seems like a foreign language. The auto industry is full of jargon and obscure terms insiders toss around like they're common as "brakes" and "steering wheel."

Making it worse, many automakers use proprietary terms for items for features that could easily be covered by an industry-wide generic. The cynic in me figures they're trying to bamboozle buyers into thinking the feature is something only that automaker offers, not something you can get from any brand.

There's a move afoot to get automakers to use industry-wide names for safety features so shoppers can compare, but it's got a long way to go.

From "facelift" to DLO and CHMSL, here's a guide to obscure and sometimes infuriating terms that car fans, auto executives and even auto critics use.

The rotating force the engine sends to turn your vehicle's wheels.

The difference between loosening a rusty, stuck bolt from a nice new one is the difference between a lot of torque on the frozen bolt and a little to the slick new one.

Torque is the force that slowly but surely turns the wheels when you start moving pulling a heavy trailer. It's the most prized statistic for pickups: Having more torque is the first step toward being able to tow a bigger trailer.

The lever, dial or buttons you use to select a gear in an automatic transmission. The name comes from the order of the gears on the shifter label: Park, Reverse, Neutral, Drive, Low.

Electronically controlled transmissions allow automakers to experiment with other layouts. The term PRNDL is commonly used for all of them.

These all mean the same thing, but marketers like to pretend they're different. The Society of Automotive Engineers, which sets standards for everything from towing capacity to how you measure an engine's output, says all-wheel drive or AWD is the preferred term for any system that sends the engine's power to all the vehicle's wheels, instead of just two.

Many people think "four-wheel drive" or "4WD" means the vehicle has extra gears that help a vehicle to get through deep snow, mud and over rocks. That's not true, but it doesn't keep marketers from using 4X4 and 4WD when they want to suggest a vehicle has more off-road capability. There are no rules, so they can get away with this.

There are three basic types of AWD:

• On-demand. Two of the wheels always get power. They're called the "driven wheels." Power automatically goes to the others when one or more of the driven wheels starts to slip.

• Part-time, in which the driver uses a switch or button to go from two-wheel to four-wheel drive

This DOES NOT mean it's an electric car. Automakers use "electrified" to blur the line between conventional engines, hybrids and electric vehicles. It covers a range of features that use electricity to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. Nearly every new vehicle has some of these features. The most common is "auto stop," which shuts the engine off when idling in park or at a traffic light on vehicles with stop-start (see below).

Common in new vehicles, stop-start originated in hybrids. It shuts the engine off when it's idling and the vehicle isn't moving. This reduces fuel consumption and emissions significantly. The engine restarts quickly when the driver begins to lift their foot off the brake. The engine also restarts if the temperature inside the vehicle goes above or below the thermostat setting. This keeps your passenger compartment warm or cool.

Pronounced "Chimsel," it's the brake light in the center of a vehicle's trunk, tailgate or roof. It's short for "center, high-mounted stop light." Before 1986, vehicles sold in the U.S. weren't required to have these lights. They were added to reduce accidents by allowing drivers to see the brake lights of several vehicles ahead of them in traffic.

There's no backup engine for longer drives. BEV also excludes fuel cell vehicles, which will turn hydrogen into electricity, if they ever become practical.

Supercharger, turbocharger

These are engine components that increase power by compressing air and forcing it into the engine. The compressed air is called "charge air." Compressing air increases power, but with lower fuel consumption than if you just used a bigger engine to generate more power. Superchargers and turbochargers use turbines to compress the air on its way into the engine. A supercharger's turbine is powered by a belt, chain or gear connected to the engine. A turbocharger's turbine is spun by exhaust gases coming out of the engine.

Adaptive cruise control. ACC uses radar and other sensors to keep your vehicle moving at the speed you select and slow down automatically when a vehicle's in your way. Once the obstacle is gone, it accelerates back to your chosen speed. Some ACC systems will bring your vehicle to a full stop in traffic and accelerate when the vehicle ahead of you resumes motion. Others require the driver to use the accelerator to start moving again.

Early ACC systems shut off at low speeds, forcing the driver to resume control with little warning. That was a terrible idea. All good modern ones will bring you to a full stop.

Not to be confused with ELO, which rocks.

These are mild changes to keep a vehicle competitive in between bigger updates. They frequently include new lights, grille, bumpers and wheels; sometimes electronic features that can be added with software and no major investment.

A facelift or freshening changes the vehicle's appearance mildly, and costs much less than changing its shape with new metal panels like the hood or fenders.

Facelifts and midcycle updates typically come three to four years after a vehicle goes on sale and two to three years before a new model is due.

A vehicle. For reasons somebody may understand, but I don't, auto executives often talk in terms of how many "units" they built or sold. Who knows? Maybe they think accountants sound smart. They mean vehicles.

Not all of them are. Just about every vehicle gets some updates every year: new colors, upholstery, a few more horsepower, etc. Automakers advertise them as new, which means they wanted a more extreme term when they introduce a vehicle that's entirely new from the ground up.

The usual development cycle calls for a vehicle with a new body, engines, etc. every five to seven years. The basic underlying structure of the body — think of it as a car's skeleton, the frame under the skin — usually lasts through two generations, around 12 years.