AUSTIN, TEXAS – Tim Shea is counting the days until he can move into a new 3-D-printed house. Shea, 69, will be the first to live in one of six such rentals created by what some in the housing industry call a futuristic approach that could revolutionize home construction.
Shea is among a growing number of seniors in America who have struggled to keep affordable housing. He has, at times, been homeless. He has arthritis and manages to get around with a walker. He said he looks forward to giving up the steep ramp he's had to negotiate at the RV he's called home.
"I'm over the top about it," said Shea. "They had an interview process where a bunch of people applied. Then I found out it was a 3-D-printed home, and I was gung-ho."
The promise of 3-D printing has others excited, too.
In an East Austin neighborhood, these houses are taking their distinctive shape on the grounds of the Community First Village, where about 180 formerly homeless people have found shelter and camaraderie in the most expensive city in the state. The 51-acre development (which will eventually include more than 500 homes) provides affordable permanent housing, including the 3-D variety.
Austin-based construction technology company Icon has formed a variety of partnerships to explore how 3-D-printed houses could not only provide housing for people on the margins but also demonstrate how to dramatically reduce the time and money spent on construction.
"I see this innovative idea as being a powerful piece of the puzzle, along with other ideas of what it's going to take to have more affordably built houses," said Alan Graham, a real estate developer turned founder of the nonprofit Mobile Loaves & Fishes, which opened the village in 2016. The average age of residents here is 55, he said.
These 400-square-foot houses are the nation's first 3-D-printed residences, according to Icon. Its process — which incorporates an 11-foot-tall printer that weighs 3,800 pounds — relies on robotics. Beads of a pliable concrete material dubbed Lavacrete ooze from the behemoth printer in ripples that stack and harden into a wall with curved corners.
The idea is to cut the time and as much as half the cost associated with traditional construction, limit the environmental footprint and trim the number of workers on crews, said Jason Ballard, Icon's co-founder and CEO.
The process, he added, also could allow more design freedom.
"Because 3-D printing uses slopes and curves, in the future new design languages will emerge that are only accessible through 3-D printing," Ballard said.
Icon has generated interest from the federal government, including NASA and the Defense Department, whose Defense Innovation Unit is focused on strengthening national security with new commercial technology. The unit (which has an Austin office) is working under a contract with Icon to train Marines and develop prototype structures that can be built quickly for its military and humanitarian needs. In late January, about a dozen Marines trained for a week at Icon. Further training is planned later this year at Camp Pendleton in California.
Department of Housing and Urban Development Secretary Ben Carson visited Austin twice last year, checking out Icon headquarters and touring the village.
"Innovation is key to solving our affordable housing crisis," Carson said in an e-mail. "The work that companies like Icon are doing could have a huge impact on housing affordability in communities across the country."
Such a move is overdue, according to the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies. The center in October issued a study that illustrated a growing income disparity among older Americans.
The federal government considers housing affordable when a resident can spend 30% or less of income on it. Those who spend more, according to the study, are "cost burdened."
"While many households now of retirement age have the means to age in place or move to other suitable housing, a record number are cost burdened and will have few affordable housing options as they age," the analysis said. "In addition, many older renters are less well positioned than homeowners because they have lower cash savings and wealth."
Moreover, the study said that homelessness among older adults is increasing. The share of people age 50 and older experiencing homelessness rose to 33.8% in 2017 from 22.9% in 2007. Those statistics, according to the study, suggest the "need for affordable, accessible housing and in-home supportive services is therefore set to soar."
Such housing insecurity can affect a person's health and well-being. "Financial pressures can also lead to depression and other physical problems," the study said.
Not everyone is convinced that 3-D is the answer for the masses.
"Basically, 3-D printing is creating a wall system," said Chris Herbert, the Harvard Center's managing director. "It still has to have a foundation. Someone needs to put on a roof. It's another way to lower the labor cost of producing components of the house, but it's not printing every piece of the house.
"If you can show me how 3-D printing can produce components that can be stacked with multiple rooms and dimensions, that would have wider applicability for the overall housing stock," he added.
Brett Hagler is co-founder of New Story, a San Francisco-based social housing nonprofit to end global homelessness. His group and Icon are working on the world's first 3-D-printed community of 50 houses under construction in Tabasco, Mexico. New Story and Icon partnered to create the first 3-D-printed structure in East Austin that debuted in March 2018 at South by Southwest. That building, now an office, served as a prototype for the 3-D-printed houses at Community First.
"With one type of technology, you essentially get a lower-cost home — the exact percent in price is TBD. Two, it's faster. Three, it's very exciting to us because you get a much better custom design based on a family's need," he said.
Hagler said he's confident the technology will be developed to affect more than just the current single-story detached house.
At Community First, residents pay monthly rents ranging from $220 to $430 and can earn wages by working on-site. The six new houses that will rent for $430 were created by the second-generation 3-D printer called Vulcan II, which last year printed the village's welcome center.
Shea said, "Some people I've met here have been in and out of homelessness all their life. It's a shock to your system. All I could do was hide. I was embarrassed."
Now with his new 3-D-printed home in sight, Shea is optimistic, for himself and the prospect of 3-D-printed houses.
"I feel like it's going to help people in every situation in life," he said. "It's one of the most innovative steps — not just for the homeless — but for affordable housing. It's pretty amazing."
