Can Trump pardon himself?

Among the questions suddenly brought to the fore by Joe Biden's victory is this constitutional brainteaser: Can President Donald Trump pardon himself?

The short answer is probably not. But before I explain that, we need to contend with a number of preliminary issues.

Start here: If Trump tries a self-pardon, don't expect a full answer on the question of its legality any time in the next four years. That's because a final determination would have to be made by the courts.

First, Trump would have to issue himself a pardon — not unlikely but also not certain — then Biden and his attorney general would have to decide to prosecute Trump on one or another federal crime (something they would not do unless they had concluded that self-pardon would prove to be unconstitutional). Ultimately, a federal indictment would send the matter on its way to the Supreme Court.

It's entirely possible, of course, that Trump has committed federal crimes in the last four years, but would any of them rise to a level that would cause Biden to put the country through the convulsions that a criminal trial of the former president would entail? It would deeply aggravate partisan wounds, as well as threaten Biden's already tenuous political position as president of all the people. Biden is a healer who wants to get things done; prosecuting Trump undermines both those goals sharply.

Moreover, the federal government needn't prosecute Trump to secure a modicum of justice for his criminal conduct. Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance Jr. has been developing a criminal investigation of Trump for a welter of state tax, fraud and financial crimes. The investigation is moving forward apace; Vance is likely to reach charging decisions within a few months. And because a president can't pardon himself (or anyone) for state crimes, his Article II powers would have no effect.

In fact, if Trump is smart, he might stay his hand because last year New York changed its laws just with him in mind. The state's double jeopardy rules used to prohibit the prosecution of someone for conduct that was the subject of a federal pardon. No longer — expressly because of Trump's corrupt and pernicious use of the pardon power. Should the president pardon himself, it would be a poke in the eye with a sharp stick in New York, an invitation for Vance to double down.

The argument for the ability to self-pardon rests on the unqualified nature of the language in Article II: The president "shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment."

"It has generally been inferred from the breadth of the constitutional language," writes legal scholar and retired federal judge Richard A. Posner in a book on Clinton's impeachment, "that the president can indeed pardon himself."

But really? A proper constitutional interpretation would have to go much deeper, to our best understanding — historical, legal, cultural — of what a pardon is. Pardon implies a grant of mercy to another. Nothing in the purposes or history of the Constitution's pardon power can be read to authorize a self-pardon.

Instead, there is very strong basis to read the Article II pardon power as prohibiting self-pardon. Self-pardon flatly contradicts a cardinal principle of Anglo-American law: No person can be a judge in his own cause. A self-pardon indisputably puts the president above the law, a result that would be anathema to the framers and to our legal tradition.

Self-pardon is also undercut by this phrase: "except in cases of impeachment." If a president could pardon himself, it would conflict with the clear import of these words, which is that criminal prosecution of a president can proceed after an impeachment.

Our 45th president famously couldn't sit still past the Fourth Amendment when an adviser tried to read the Constitution to him starting with the Bill of Rights. He probably believes he has the power to pardon himself. He's wrong, but because his successor will be governed by prudence that Trump wouldn't understand, he'll probably never find out.