Can Big Tech bans stop pro-Trump misinformation?

Lisa Mickles sat on a bus heading from Harrisburg to Washington, D.C., last week and pulled up her phone to check the latest on Parler, a social media network favored by Trump supporters that is replete with conspiracy theories and misinformation.

"Did you see about this Italy thing?" she asked. "They found somebody in Italy that started changing the votes. It's the first time they have proof. I didn't get a chance to really listen, but it seems pretty messed up."

No one in Italy changed votes. There is no evidence of widespread fraud or any kind of rigging in the presidential election. But the 52-minute video to which Mickles referred, in which a woman baselessly claims vote tallies were manipulated in Rome, has been watched more than 100,000 times.

For Mickles and the people with whom she traveled to Washington, videos like this have fueled the myth that the 2020 election was stolen from President Donald Trump. The president's relentless false claims of fraud and calls for his supporters to show up in Washington and "fight" helped incite the violent mob that stormed the Capitol. Five people died in or near the Capitol, including a police officer.

As the precursors to the attack come into focus, Apple, Amazon and Google have removed from their platforms social media sites such as Parler, where users called for violence at the Capitol. Twitter and Facebook suspended Trump's accounts, and some supporters have distanced themselves from Trump and his baseless claims of fraud.

But Trump's most faithful followers are even more convinced that their news — the news that led to the Capitol attack — is the real story, now being unfairly censored.

"They're ripping the First Amendment out," Richard Pruett, a photographer and Trump supporter from Drexel Hill, Pa., said Monday. "In 2021, what are the most popular forms of communication? It's social media. To suspend somebody from getting their message across. ... It's a disgrace."

With the help of conservative media and a wide swath of Republican elected officials, Trump's campaign to convince his supporters that the election was rigged has been hugely successful. Polls show that about a third of voters, and a majority of Republicans, don't trust the results of the election. This segment of the electorate has turned further inward since then to conservative social media networks that are now being scoured by law enforcement and even employers in the wake of the violence.

Research shows that removing content from platforms helps stop its spread, said Deen Freelon, an associate professor of media and journalism at the University of North Carolina. But with the far-right media ecosystem particularly prolific, it's hard to keep up, he said.

"You have almost an impermeable bubble for right-wing content," he said. "What that leads to is an audience that is overwhelmingly accepting of and believing of mis- and disinformation so it creates a market for new entrants. Even though something like Parler may be shut down, other folks can pick up the slack because there's a market out there for it."

Just as there was a range of Trump supporters in Washington last week, there's also a range in how radicalized people have become, said Claire Wardle, U.S. director of First Draft News, a group working to fight misinformation online. "You had dads who like to play golf and you had extremists and white supremacists and all those in between. Some de-platforming decisions will stop the dads in golf shirts, but I think the people who really believed in this and have other reasons for believing this will find other places to congregate."

And the prospects for some people to become radicalized increases as their information-sharing communities become smaller, said Marc Ambinder, senior fellow at the University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, who also studies misinformation. While some followers will start to question the credibility of the content on sites like Parler given its ban, "for some it's the proof of the conspiracy."

And those conversations may need to come with ultimatums, Freelon said. "Threatening to cut ties with them if they don't come around, I think helps people know this is something serious and they're going to have to face if they're going to engage in ideas that are, quite frankly, deadly."

The misinformation was flowing freely on the bus from Harrisburg. "There's no two sides," Mickles said. "It's proven that it definitely was fraud."

Mickles, a forklift operator, wasn't always so dismissive of fact-based journalism. For 15 years she was a reporter for the Pike County Dispatch in northeastern Pennsylvania. She covered county government and local political campaigns.

But her trust in news shifted during Trump's presidency. Mickles now reads the far-right Epoch Times, along with postings on Parler and the video platform Rumble. "I just want truth," she said. "And if we don't get it now, I don't think we'll ever have a fair election ever again. It's scary."

Many Trump supporters have blamed the attack on the loosely knit group of far-left activists known as antifa, despite no evidence to support that claim. Even before the insurrection, there were rumors circulating.

How did he know the buses captured in the video had members of antifa onboard?

"Because the eyewitness testified to it."

How did he know the eyewitness was being truthful?