A black hole's lunch: stellar spaghetti

Astronomers observed a star become a "feast" for a cosmic monster.

The New York Times
November 9, 2020 at 2:51AM
In a photo provided by M. Kornmesser, an artist's concept of a star experiencing "spaghettification" as it's sucked into oblivion by a supermassive black hole during a "tidal disruption event." Astronomers observed a star become a "feast" for a cosmic monster. (M. Kornmesser/ESO via The New York Times) -- NO SALES; FOR EDITORIAL USE ONLY WITH NYT STORY SCI-TIDAL-DISRUPTION BY DENNIS OVERBYE FOR OCT. 17, 2020. ALL OTHER USE PROHIBITED. --
An artist’s concept of a star being “spaghettified” as it’s sucked into a black hole. Astronomers said the star become a “feast” for a cosmic monster. (The Minnesota Star Tribune)

Astronomers call it "spaghettification": what happens when you venture too close to a black hole and fall in. Tidal forces stretch you and break you like a noodle, then your shreds circle the black hole until they collide and knock one another in.

On the upside, the energy released by your long fall and the crashing together of what used to be your atoms might produce a flash that can be seen across the universe.

In a case recently reported, it was merely an anonymous star in a faraway galaxy that met its doom. Thanks to luck and ever-increasing vigilance of the heavens, the whole world was watching.

"Indeed, it was quite a feast," said Matt Nicholl, an astrophysicist at the University of Birmingham in England.

He led a team of astronomers that described this stellar apocalypse in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

"This black hole was a messy eater," added Kate Alexander of Northwestern University and a member of Nicholl's team.

In the end, she said, only about half the star was consumed by the black hole. The rest was blown outward into space at a breakneck speed.

Black holes are gravitational potholes in space-time predicted by general relativity, Albert Einstein's theory of gravity. They are so deep and dense that nothing, not even light, can escape them. Our Milky Way galaxy, and presumably most galaxies, are littered with black holes produced when massive stars died and collapsed in on themselves.

"We know that most galaxies have supermassive black holes at their centers," Alexander wrote in an e-mail. "But we still don't understand exactly how these black holes grew to be as big as they are, or how they shape their host galaxies."

Studying stellar disruptions, she said, could help in understanding how these black holes eat, grow and interact with their environment.

The black hole in the Eridanus galaxy weighs about 1 million solar masses. As reconstructed by Nicholl and his team, a star about the size and mass of our own sun wandered into the center of the galaxy and came too close — about 100 million miles — to the black hole.

That's roughly the distance from Earth to the sun. At that point, the gravitational pull from the black hole exceeded the gravitational pull from the star's core, and the star was "spaghettified" into a long stream around the hole. Eventually the stream wrapped around the black hole and collided with itself, "which is when the black hole began sucking it in," Nicholl said. "If you were to picture the sun being stretched into a thin stream and rushing toward us, that's what the black hole saw."

about the writer

about the writer

Dennis Overbye

More from No Section

See More
FILE -- A rent deposit slot at an apartment complex in Tucker, Ga., on July 21, 2020. As an eviction crisis has seemed increasingly likely this summer, everyone in the housing market has made the same plea to Washington: Send money — lots of it — that would keep renters in their homes and landlords afloat. (Melissa Golden/The New York Times) ORG XMIT: XNYT58
Melissa Golden/The New York Times

It’s too soon to tell how much the immigration crackdown is to blame.