BAGHDAD – When Iranian fighter jets struck extremist targets this week in Iraq, enforcing a self-declared buffer zone along the border, it was only the latest display of Tehran's new willingness to conduct military operations openly on foreign battlefields rather than covertly and through proxies.
The shift stems in part from Iran's deepening military role in Iraq in the war against the Sunni extremists of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). But it also reflects a profound shift in Iran's strategy, a new effort to exert Shiite influence around the region and counter Sunni powers such as Saudi Arabia.
Analysts also say it follows a calculation that Iran's overt military activities will be tolerated or even encouraged by what its rulers see as a less-engaged United States.
Although there is no direct coordination with the U.S. military in the region, there is what might be characterized as a de facto nonaggression pact, in which the two sides stay out of each other's way, just as the Syrian government and the Americans do in managing airstrikes in Syria.
Other support
Iran has offered weapons to the Lebanese army and supported the Shiite Houthi rebels in Yemen that have taken over the capital, Sanna, where on Wednesday a car bomb struck the Iranian ambassador's residence.
In Syria, Hezbollah, the Iranian-supported Shiite militant movement, and the Iranian paramilitary Quds force, have kept President Bashar Assad in power. And in Iraq, Iran is cooperating at arm's length with the United States, as the two rivals focus on fighting ISIL.
The Obama administration has made clear that while it welcomes Iran's help in fighting the ISIL extremists, there is no actual coordination.
"I think it's self-evident that if Iran is taking on ISIL in some particular place and it's confined to taking on ISIL and it has an impact, it's going to be — the net effect is positive," Secretary of State John Kerry said Tuesday in Brussels, where he was attending meetings with other members of the coalition against ISIL. "But that's not something that we're coordinating."
Iran's once elusive spymaster, Maj. Gen. Qassem Suleimani, commander of the Quds force who has spent a career in the shadows orchestrating terrorist attacks — including some that killed U.S. soldiers in Iraq — has emerged as a public figure, with pictures of Suleimani on Iraq's battlefields popping up on social media.
The apparent shift in Iran's strategy has been most noticeable in Iraq, where even U.S. officials acknowledge the decisive role of Iranian-backed militias, particularly in protecting Baghdad from an assault by ISIL.
Although Iran's growing military role has proved essential in repelling the advances of ISIL, U.S. officials worry that it could ultimately destabilize Iraq by deepening sectarian divisions. Iraq's Sunnis blame the Iranian-backed Shiite militias for sectarian abuses and are reluctant to join with the Iraqi government in the fight against extremists because of Iran's influence.
"Our message to Iran is the same today as it was when it started. And as it is to any neighbor in the region that is involved in the anti-ISIL activities, and that's that we want nothing to be done that further inflames sectarian tensions in the country," said Rear Adm. John F. Kirby, the Pentagon's press secretary.
