What to know about the trial in Hong Kong against Tiananmen vigil organizers

HONG KONG — Two former leaders of a Hong Kong pro-democracy group that for decades organized a vigil commemorating people killed during Beijing's 1989 Tiananmen crackdown are set to stand trial in a case brought under a national security law that has all but silenced dissent in the city.

A third co-defendant is expected to plead guilty at Thursday's hearing.

Observers say the disappearance of the only large-scale public commemoration of the 1989 crackdown within China is part of a decline in Western-style civil liberties, which Beijing promised to maintain for 50 years when it took control of the former British colony in 1997.

The government said its law enforcement actions were evidence-based and strictly in accordance with the law.

Chow Hang-tung, Lee Cheuk-yan and Albert Ho, former leaders of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China, were charged with incitement to subversion in September 2021 under a law imposed by China following massive anti-government protests in 2019.

The Hong Kong Alliance voted to disband weeks after its leaders were charged under the law.

Here's what to know about the case:

The 1989 Tiananmen Square pro-democracy protests, led by students, posed one of the most significant challenges to the Communist Party's rule in China. They ended after the Chinese government sent tanks into Beijing, with troops opening fire in a bloody crackdown that killed hundreds, possibly thousands.

The crackdown has long been a taboo topic in mainland China, but for 30 years the alliance held annual vigils in Hong Kong. The gathering drew tens of thousands to commemorate the victims with a sea of candles until authorities banned it during the COVID-19 pandemic.

''It was a group that aimed to seek justice,'' former alliance member Tang Ngok-kwan told The Associated Press in early January. Tang, who was a senior member of the group, was charged alongside Chow in another case related to the group.

Tang said he felt a moral burden about the deaths, because he thought the city's financial support for the movement may have fueled the demonstrators' conflict with authorities.

Some young people stayed away from the vigil during a rise in localism in the 2010s, deeming the alliance's goal of building a democratic China irrelevant to Hong Kong. But the last vigil in 2019 drew an estimated 180,000 people days before the city erupted in monthslong protests.

Arrests, disbandment and convictions

The alliance was one of dozens of civil society groups disbanded during a crackdown that started when Beijing imposed a National Security Law to quell protests.

Other people affected include former pro-democracy media mogul Jimmy Lai, who was convicted of conspiring with others to collude with foreign forces in December and faces up to life in prison.

The Hong Kong Alliance came under increasing pressure in 2021 after police opened an investigation, saying they had reasonable grounds to believe the group was acting as a foreign agent. The group rejected the allegations and refused to cooperate. Chow, Ho and Lee were charged in September 2021, and later that month the alliance's members voted to disband.

Chow, Tang and another core member were convicted in 2023 over their refusal to provide authorities information on the group and received a sentence of 4 1/2 months each. But in March 2025, the city's top court overturned the trio's convictions.

Chow, Ho and Lee are accused of inciting others to organize, plan or act through unlawful means with a view to subvert the state power. Their charge carries a maximum jail term of 10 years. The trial is expected to last 75 days.

In previous court proceedings, Ho's lawyer indicated that his client intended to plead guilty, which could help him getting a sentence reduction.

Chow, also a barrister, who defended herself in the case, tried to quash her indictment in court arguing that prosecutors had failed to make specific allegations, but was rejected in November.

Alex Lee, one of the government-vetted judges, said the prosecution had identified the alliance's calls to ''bring one-party rule to an end" as an issue. The prosecution is expected to detail its case this week.

Chow continues legal fight from prison

Regardless of the outcome, he said, it's an opportunity to express their beliefs one more time.

''It's another unexpected encouragement,'' he laughed at the thought, then immediately added: ''But this price is huge.''

Tang, who visited Chow and Lee regularly in prison, said they have grown thinner.

He said Lee was relatively philosophical, wanting only to explain his beliefs to the court, while Chow felt strongly about defending her position.

Chow has already successfully defended herself in the separate case involving Tang from behind bars, getting the conviction quashed.

In a post on the social media platform Patreon, she wrote on Jan. 5 that she was still looking forward to a reunion with her friends and allies.