Conservative Supreme Court justices appear skeptical of Trump's sweeping unilateral tariffs

WASHINGTON — A majority of Supreme Court justices seemed skeptical Wednesday about President Donald Trump 's ability to unilaterally impose far-reaching tariffs, putting at risk a cornerstone of his agenda in the biggest legal test yet of his boundary-pushing presidency.

Three conservative justices raised questions about whether an emergency law gives Trump near-limitless power to set and change duties on imports, with potentially trillion-dollar implications for the global economy.

The court's three liberal justices also appeared dubious, so at least two conservative votes could limit Trump's tariff power under the law. It likely would not end it altogether, however.

The case is the first major piece of Trump's agenda to come squarely before the nation's highest court, which he helped shape by naming three of the nine justices in his first term. The conservative majority has so far been reluctant to check his extraordinary flex of executive power in short-term orders in cases ranging from high-profile firings to major federal funding cuts. That could change with a more detailed ruling in the tariff case, though it will likely take weeks or months to come down.

The Constitution says Congress has the power to levy tariffs. But, in a first, the Trump administration argues that an emergency law allowing the president to regulate importation also includes imposing tariffs.

Justice Neil Gorsuch appeared concerned that could shift too much congressional power to the president on an issue that helped spark the American Revolution.

''It's a one-way ratchet toward the gradual but continual accretion of power in the executive branch and away from the people's elected representatives,'' he said, later suggesting the ''power to reach into the pockets of the American people'' must be "done locally, through our elected representatives.''

Justice Amy Coney Barrett also pressed the government on the broad range of Trump's action. ''Spain? France? I mean, I could see it with some countries but explain to me why as many countries needed to be subject to the reciprocal tariff policy.''

Regulating commerce or raising money?

Solicitor General D. John Sauer said lopsided trade deals are a ''global problem,'' and Trump's tariffs are primarily about regulating foreign commerce to be fairer, rather than raising money that would encroach on Congress's taxation power. ''The fact that they raise revenue is only incidental,'' he said.

Within hours, though, Trump said his tariffs would help slash the deficit. ''My tariffs are bringing in hundreds of billions of dollars,'' he said in a speech to business leaders in Miami.

Trump has called the case one of the most important in the country's history and said a ruling against him would be catastrophic for the economy.

Multiple lawsuits have been filed over those tariffs, including a case from a dozen largely Democratic-leaning states and another from small businesses focused on everything from plumbing supplies to women's cycling apparel. They argue the 1977 emergency powers law Trump used doesn't even mention tariffs, and no president before has used it to impose them.

Lower courts have agreed that the tariffs were an illegal use of the 1977 International Emergency Economic Powers Act, or IEEPA, though some appeals court judges did side with the Trump administration and found the law gives the president broad power.

Who pays the price

At the Supreme Court, much of the argument centered around the legal principle known as the major questions doctrine. It doomed some signature policies of former President Joe Biden, including his $500 billion student loan forgiveness program.

The challengers say Trump's tariffs should get the same treatment, since they'll have a much greater economic effect, raising some $3 trillion over the next decade.

Justices like Brett Kavanaugh seemed receptive to that argument. ''So you're forcing the president to respond to an emergency ... and you're taking away the president's suite of tools,'' he said. ''That just seems a bit unusual.''

Roberts also seemed concerned about going too far in restricting the president's foreign affairs power.

The challengers, though, say the tariffs amount to a domestic tax because they are largely paid by Americans.

Attorney Neal Katyal, representing a group of small business challenging the tariffs, argued that Congress would cede control of tariffs for good if the court sided with Trump.

''We will never get this power back if the government wins this case. What president wouldn't veto legislation to rein this power in and pull out the tariff power?'' he said.

But tariffs likely won't be going away. Trump could still impose tariffs under other laws, though they have more limitations on the speed and severity with which he could act.

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