Canadian researchers report that the number of drugs on the market that react adversely with grapefruit has increased in recent years from 17 to 43.The list includes cholesterol-lowering statins such as Zocor and Lipitor and blood pressure medications such as Nifediac and Afeditab, the study notes.
Chemicals found in grapefruit change the way these medications are metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract, increasing concentrations of the drug in the bloodstream. Those chemicals, called furanocoumarins, are also present in other citrus fruits, including Seville oranges -- the kind often used to make marmalade -- and limes and pomelos, said the study in the Canadian Medical Association Journal.
The amount of grapefruit that can set off a reaction varies from drug to drug, the study notes, but in many cases, around eight ounces of juice or a whole grapefruit "has sufficient potency to cause a pertinent pharmacokinetic interaction." High concentrations of the drugs can be toxic to the kidneys and can also lead to GI-tract bleeding, respiratory failure, bone-marrow suppression among people with comprised immune systems and even sudden death.
The drugs in question have three common traits: They're taken orally; they all have limited bioavailability (which means that only small percentages of the active drug make it into the bloodstream under normal circumstances); and they all interact in the GI tract with an enzyme called CYP3A4. The researchers have identified more than 85 drugs that might interact with grapefruit, but some of these interactions aren't likely to cause serious adverse effects.
To reduce your risk, ask your physician or pharmacist about whether the prescription drugs you take are likely to be affected by grapefruit consumption.
JENNIFER LARUE HUGET,
SPECIAL TO WASHINGTON POST.
