Year State Penalty
2008 California $3.5 million*
2007 Texas $4.4 million
2007 New York $3.7 million**
2007 Florida $2.7 million**
2007 Nebraska $650,000
2006 Arizona $364,750
2005 Wisconsin $600,000
2004 N. Carolina $2.2 million
*Fines so far ** State's share of a $12 million multistate penalty. Sources: Star Tribune research, state regulatory agencies.
Just as Lawrence Kazmerski, a top official at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, was about to give the keynote address at the University of Minnesota's annual E3 conference at the RiverCentre in St. Paul, the lights went out, bathing the audience in darkness and a deep sense of irony.
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